Publication Categories

CORE is based on science and the research papers below are a selection of the papers that were used to develop the software and underlying algorithms.

Carbohydrate requirements

  • Carter J, Jeukendrup AE, Mundel T, Jones DA. Carbohydrate supplementation improves moderate and high-intensity exercise in the heat. Pflugers Arch. 2003 May;446(2):211-9.

  • Carter JM, Jeukendrup AE, Jones DA. The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on 1-h cycle time trial performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004 Dec;36(12):2107-11.

  • Hulston CJ, Jeukendrup AE. Substrate metabolism and exercise performance with caffeine and carbohydrate intake. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008 Dec;40(12):2096-104.

  • Hulston CJ, Jeukendrup AE. No placebo effect from carbohydrate intake during prolonged exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2009 Jun;19(3):275-84.

  • Hulston CJ, Wallis GA, Jeukendrup AE. Exogenous CHO oxidation with glucose plus fructose intake during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 Feb;41(2):357-63.

  • Jentjens RL, Venables MC, Jeukendrup AE. Oxidation of exogenous glucose, sucrose and maltose during prolonged cycling exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2003 Dec 2.

  • Jentjens RL, Achten J, Jeukendrup AE. High oxidation rates from combined carbohydrates ingested during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004 Sep;36(9):1551-8.

  • Jentjens RL, Jeukendrup AE. High rates of exogenous carbohydrate oxidation from a mixture of glucose and fructose ingested during prolonged cycling exercise. Br J Nutr. 2005 Apr;93(4):485-92.

  • Jeukendrup AE, Moseley L. Multiple transportable carbohydrates enhance gastric emptying and fluid delivery. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010 Feb;20(1):112-21.

  • Jeukendrup AE. Nutrition and endurance sports: running, cycling, triathlon. J Sports Sci. 2011;29(Suppl 1):S91-9. Download full paper

  • Jeukendrup A. The new carbohydrate intake recommendations. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. 2013;75:63-71.

  • Wallis GA, Dawson R, Achten J, Webber J, Jeukendrup AE. Metabolic response to carbohydrate ingestion during exercise in males and females. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Apr;290(4):E708-15.

  • Wallis GA, Yeo SE, Blannin AK, Jeukendrup AE. Dose-response effects of ingested carbohydrate on exercise metabolism in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Jan;39(1):131-8.

  • Pfeiffer B, Stellingwerff T, Zaltas E, Jeukendrup AE. CHO oxidation from a CHO gel compared with a drink during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 Nov;42(11):2038-45.

  • Pfeiffer B, Stellingwerff T, Zaltas E, Jeukendrup AE. Oxidation of solid versus liquid CHO sources during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 Nov;42(11):2030-7.

  • Burke LM, Hawley JA, Wong SH, Jeukendrup AE. Carbohydrates for training and competition. J Sports Sci. 2011;29 Suppl 1:S17-27. Download full paper

  • Jeukendrup AE. Carbohydrate and exercise performance: the role of multiple transportable carbohydrates. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010 Jul;13(4):452-7.

  • Jeukendrup AE. Oral carbohydrate rinse: placebo or beneficial? Curr Sports Med Rep. 2013 Jul-Aug;12(4):222-7.

  • Jeukendrup A. A step towards personalized sports nutrition: carbohydrate intake during exercise. Sports Med. 2014 May;44 Suppl 1:S25-33. Download full paper

  • Jeukendrup AE. Training the Gut for Athletes. Sports Med. 2017 Mar;47(Suppl 1):101-10. Download full paper

Fluid requirements

  • Jeukendrup AE, Moseley L. Multiple transportable carbohydrates enhance gastric emptying and fluid delivery. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010 Feb;20(1):112-21.

  • Baker LB, Jeukendrup AE. Optimal composition of fluid-replacement beverages. Compr Physiol. 2014 Apr;4(2):575-620.

  • McCartney D, Desbrow B, Irwin C. The Effect of Fluid Intake Following Dehydration on Subsequent Athletic and Cognitive Performance: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med Open. 2017 Dec;3(1):13. Download full paper

  • Jeukendrup AE, Currell K, Clarke J, Cole J, Blannin AK. Effect of beverage glucose and sodium content on fluid delivery. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2009;6:9.

  • Maughan RJ, Shirreffs SM, Watson P. Exercise, heat, hydration and the brain. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007 Oct;26(5 Suppl):604S-12S.

  • Montain SJ, Coyle EF. Influence of graded dehydration on hyperthermia and cardiovascular drift during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1992;73(4):1340-50.

  • Neufer PD, Young AJ, Sawka MN. Gastric emptying during exercise: effects of heat stress and hypohydration. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1989;58(4):433-9.

  • Rehrer NJ, Beckers EJ, Brouns F, ten Hoor F, Saris WHM. Effects of dehydration on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal distress while running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;22(6):790-5.

  • Ryan AJ, Lambert GP, Shi X, Chang RT, Summers RW, Gisolfi CV. Effect of hypohydration on gastric emptying and intestinal absorption during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1998;84(5):1581-8.

  • Sawka MN. Physiological consequences of hypohydration: exercise performance and thermoregulation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992;24(6):657-70.

  • Sawka MN, Greenleaf JE. Current concepts concerning thirst, dehydration, and fluid replacement: overview. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992;24(6):643-4.

  • Cheuvront SN, Carter R, 3rd, Sawka MN. Fluid balance and endurance exercise performance. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2003 Aug;2(4):202-8.

  • Shirreffs SM, Armstrong AA, Cheuvront SN. Fluid and electrolyte needs for preparation and recovery from training and compitition. J Sports Sci. 2004;22:57-63.

  • Gonzalez RR, Cheuvront SN, Ely BR, Moran DS, Hadid A, Endrusick TL, et al. Sweat rate prediction equations for outdoor exercise with transient solar radiation. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012 Apr;112(8):1300-10. Download full paper

Hyponatremia

  • Armstrong LE, Curtis WC, Hubbard RW, Francesconi RP, Moore R, Askew EW. Symptomatic hyponatremia during prolonged exercise in heat. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(5):543-9.

  • Hew-Butler T, Ayus JC, Kipps C, Maughan RJ, Mettler S, Meeuwisse WH, et al. Statement of the Second International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, New Zealand, 2007. Clin J Sport Med. 2008 Mar;18(2):111-21.

  • Speedy DB, Noakes TD, Rogers IR, Thompson JM, Campbell RG, Kuttner JA, et al. Hyponatremia in ultradistance triathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(6):809-15.

  • Speedy DB, Rogers IR, Noakes TD, Thompson JMD, Guirey J, Safih S, et al. Diagnosis and prevention of hyponatremia at an ultradistance triathlon. Clin J Sports Med. 2000;10:52-8.

Gastro-intestinal problems

  • Rehrer NJ, Beckers EJ, Brouns F, ten Hoor F, Saris WHM. Effects of dehydration on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal distress while running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;22(6):790-5.

  • de Oliveira EP, Burini RC. Food-dependent, exercise-induced gastrointestinal distress. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2011;8:12.

  • de Oliveira EP, Burini RC, Jeukendrup A. Gastrointestinal complaints during exercise: prevalence, etiology, and nutritional recommendations. Sports Med. 2014 May;44 Suppl 1:S79-85. Download full paper

  • Fogoros RN. Runner's trots. Gastrointestinal disturbances in runners. JAMA. 1980;243:1743-4.

  • Halvorsen F-E, Ritland S. Gastrointestinal problems related to endurance event training. Sports Med. 1992;14(3):157-63.

  • Nieuwenhoven MA, Brouns F, Kovacs EMR. The effect of sports drinks on performance and gastrointestinal complaints during running. 2001.

  • Rehrer NJ, Janssen GME, Brouns F, Saris WHM. Fluid intake and gastrointestinal problems in runners competing in a 25-km race and a marathon. Int J Sports Med. 1989;10:S22-S5.

  • Rehrer NJ, Brouns F, Beckers EJ, Frey WO, Villiger B, Riddoch CJ, et al. Physiological changes and gastro-intestinal symptoms as a result of ultra-endurance running. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1992;64:1-8.

  • Rehrer NJ, van Kemenade M, Meester W, Brouns F, Saris WH. Gastrointestinal complaints in relation to dietary intake in triathletes. Int J Sport Nutr. 1992;2(1):48-59.

  • Rehrer NJ, Brouns F, Beckers EJ, Saris WHM. The influence of beverage composition and gastrointestinal function on fluid and nutrient availability during exercise. A review. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1994;4:159-72.

  • Riddoch C, Trinick T. Gastrointestinal disturbances in marathon runners. Brit J Sports Med. 1988;22(2):71-4.

  • Sharman IM. Gastrointestinal distrubances in runners. Brit J Sports Med. 1982;16(3):179.

  • Sullivan SN. The gastrointestinal symptoms of running. N Eng J Med. 1981;304(15):915.

  • ter Steege RW, Van der Palen J, Kolkman JJ. Prevalence of gastrointestinal complaints in runners competing in a long-distance run: an internet-based observational study in 1281 subjects. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2008;43(12):1477-82.

  • Ter Steege RW, Geelkerken RH, Huisman AB, Kolkman JJ. Abdominal symptoms during physical exercise and the role of gastrointestinal ischaemia: a study in 12 symptomatic athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2011 Oct 20.

  • ter Steege RW, Kolkman JJ. Review article: the pathophysiology and management of gastrointestinal symptoms during physical exercise, and the role of splanchnic blood flow. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012 Mar;35(5):516-28.

  • Van Nieuwenhoven MA, Brummer RM, Brouns F. Gastrointestinal function during exercise: comparison of water, sports drink, and sports drink with caffeine. J Appl Physiol. 2000;89(3):1079-85.

  • van Nieuwenhoven MA, Brouns F, Brummer RJ. Gastrointestinal profile of symptomatic athletes at rest and during physical exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004 Apr;91(4):429-34.

Caffeine

  • Hulston CJ, Jeukendrup AE. Substrate metabolism and exercise performance with caffeine and carbohydrate intake. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008 Dec;40(12):2096-104.

  • Graham TE. Caffeine, coffee and ephedrine: impact on exercise performance and metabolism. Can J Appl Physiol. 2001;26 Suppl:S103-19.

  • Spriet LL. Exercise and sport performance with low doses of caffeine. Sports Med. 2014 Nov;44 Suppl 2:S175-84. Download full paper

  • Yeo SE, Jentjens RL, Wallis GA, Jeukendrup AE. Caffeine increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005 Sep;99(3):844-50.

  • Hodgson AB, Randell RK, Jeukendrup AE. The metabolic and performance effects of caffeine compared to coffee during endurance exercise. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e59561.

  • Pasman WJ, van Baak MA, Jeukendrup AE, de Haan A. The effect of different dosages of caffeine on endurance performance time. Int J Sports Med. 1995 May;16(4):225-30.

Review papers

  • Jeukendrup AE, Moseley L. Multiple transportable carbohydrates enhance gastric emptying and fluid delivery. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010 Feb;20(1):112-21.

  • Jeukendrup AE. Nutrition and endurance sports: running, cycling, triathlon. J Sports Sci. 2011;29(Suppl 1):S91-9. Download full paper

  • Jeukendrup A. The new carbohydrate intake recommendations. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. 2013;75:63-71.

  • Burke LM, Hawley JA, Wong SH, Jeukendrup AE. Carbohydrates for training and competition. J Sports Sci. 2011;29 Suppl 1:S17-27. Download full paper

  • Jeukendrup AE. Carbohydrate and exercise performance: the role of multiple transportable carbohydrates. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010 Jul;13(4):452-7.

  • Jeukendrup AE. Oral carbohydrate rinse: placebo or beneficial? Curr Sports Med Rep. 2013 Jul-Aug;12(4):222-7.

  • Jeukendrup A. A step towards personalized sports nutrition: carbohydrate intake during exercise. Sports Med. 2014 May;44 Suppl 1:S25-33. Download full paper

  • Jeukendrup AE, McLaughlin J. Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise: effects on performance, training adaptations and trainability of the gut. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. 2011;69:1-12; discussion 3-7.

  • Jeukendrup AE, Moseley L. Multiple transportable carbohydrates enhance gastric emptying and fluid delivery. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008

  • Stellingwerff T, Cox GR. Systematic review: Carbohydrate supplementation on exercise performance or capacity of varying durations. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2014 Sep;39(9):998-1011.

  • Jeukendrup AE. Periodized Nutrition for Athletes. Sports Med. 2017 Mar;47 (Suppl 1):51-63. Download full paper

  • Jeukendrup AE. Training the Gut for Athletes. Sports Med. 2017 Mar;47(Suppl 1):101-10. Download full paper

Personalized nutrition

  • Jeukendrup A. A step towards personalized sports nutrition: carbohydrate intake during exercise. Sports Med. 2014 May;44 Suppl 1:S25-33. Download full paper

Periodised nutrition

  • Jeukendrup AE. Periodized Nutrition for Athletes. Sports Med. 2017 Mar;47 (Suppl 1):51-63. Download full paper

Sweat rate predictions

  • Gonzalez RR, Cheuvront SN, Ely BR, Moran DS, Hadid A, Endrusick TL, et al. Sweat rate prediction equations for outdoor exercise with transient solar radiation. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012 Apr;112(8):1300-10. Download full paper

Training the gut

  • Jeukendrup AE, McLaughlin J. Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise: effects on performance, training adaptations and trainability of the gut. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. 2011;69:1-12; discussion 3-7.

  • Jeukendrup AE. Training the Gut for Athletes. Sports Med. 2017 Mar;47(Suppl 1):101-10. Download full paper

  • Cox GR, Clark SA, Cox AJ, Halson SL, Hargreaves M, Hawley JA, et al. Daily training with high carbohydrate availability increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance cycling. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010 Jul;109(1):126-34.